What is the primary purpose of an IPO, FPO, and OFS?
IPOs raise initial capital for a company's growth and expansion. FPOs raise additional capital for an already listed company. OFS allows existing shareholders to sell their existing shares.
IPO, FPO and OFS are different ways through which shares are offered to investors in the stock market. An IPO is a company's first public issue, an FPO involves the issue of additional shares by a listed company, and an OFS allows existing shareholders to sell their holdings. This article explains the difference between IPO, FPO and OFS, their key features, objectives, benefits and how each offering works in the market.
Companies can raise funds by issuing shares to investors via IPOs, FPOs and OFSs. Each approach has its own function and is employed at different phases.
When a private firm first enters the stock market, it is called an Initial Public Offering (IPO). It assists the company in going public.
A corporation that is already listed uses a Follow-On Public Offering (FPO). After listing, the corporation can issue more shares.
An Offer For Sale (OFS) is different since current shareholders sell their shares on the stock exchange. This approach does not involve the corporation issuing additional shares
Understanding the difference between IPO, FPO and OFS can help investors identify how shares are offered and who is selling them.
An Initial Public Offering (IPO) occurs when a private company offers shares to the public for the first time. An IPO is the process by which a company lists on a stock exchange to be bought and sold by investors.
A firm may opt to go for an IPO when it needs funds for corporate growth, expansion goals, new projects or for any other business purposes. This also helps them to tap a larger pool of investors.
Listing means that a company’s shares are traded on the stock market. These shares can be bought or sold by an investor using their trading and demat account.
Before an IPO, the company discloses important information to the public, such as business and financial performance, risk factors and future plans. This information allows investors to learn more about the company.
After the listing, the share price may go up or down depending on several factors such as demand from investors, performance of the company, and general market circumstances. That is why many investors go through the details of a firm before applying for an IPO.
After the company has already been mentioned, there is an FPO. It's not about entering the market for the first time; it's about generating more revenue by selling more shares.
FPO also helps to repay loans, fund growth, or cover purchases. Investors already know how the company has done in the past, which makes it easy to judge. This is different from an IPO.
A lot of the steps are the same as those in an IPO. The business sends SEBI a Draft Red Herring Prospectus (DRHP) that explains why it needs to raise money, what the risks are, and how much the shares will cost.
After being accepted, the window for subscribing opens. The final share price is set after investors bid and demand is watched. Investors in an IPO are taking a chance on a new company. An FPO, on the other hand, feels more like helping a well-known company take the next step.
An OFS is not the same as an IPO or an FPO. This is not a deal to raise money. People who already own shares in a company—usually promoters or big investors—sell some of their shares to the public through the stock exchange.
It's less about getting new money and more about changing who owns what.The company's funds stay the same, but more shares are bought by the public.This gives owners a way to slowly lower their stake.
This method works better and faster.Most OFSs happen in just one business day. Investors put in bids after the sellers say how many shares they want to sell.
OFS can be an opportunity for buyers to invest in established companies. Shares are sometimes sold at a slight discount, but the main draw is the opportunity to invest in businesses that are already listed on the market and have a proven track record of success.
When I first tried to compare IPOs, FPOs, and OFS, I thought they were all the same thing with different names. But what makes them different is whether the money goes to the company or to owners who already own shares.
Feature | IPO | FPO | OFS |
Purpose | Raise new funds for growth, debt repayment, or expansion | Raise additional funds after IPO | Existing shareholders sell shares; company does not raise funds |
Timing | First time a company enters the market | After IPO, when the company already has a market history | Any time existing shareholders want to sell |
Money Raised | New capital goes to the company | New capital goes to the company | Proceeds go to existing shareholders |
Investors | Evaluate the company for the first time | Evaluate the company based on performance history | Buy shares from existing owners, not the company |
Risk | Higher, as there is no prior market performance | Medium, company has performance track record | Lower for company, but market risk exists for buyers |
Regulatory Requirement | Must comply with SEBI and listing regulations | Must comply with SEBI regulations for listed companies | Must follow SEBI guidelines for share sale |
Pricing | Determined via book-building or fixed price | Determined based on market performance and demand | Determined by market price, often via bidding |
Share Allotment | New shares allotted to investors | New shares allotted to investors | Shares transferred from existing owners to buyers |
Impact on Company | Raises capital for operations or expansion | Raises additional capital for funding needs | No impact on company’s capital |
So, an IPO brings in new money, an FPO adds to it, and an OFS just changes who owns the company. This information helps you choose whether to fund the growth of the company or just buy shares from people who are leaving.
Additional Read: What is IPO: Full Form, Meaning & How it Works
Comparing IPO vs OFS and OFS vs FPO is essential for companies to decide on the most prudent and investor-friendly way to raise funds in the stock market:
IPO: Suitable for companies seeking to raise significant capital for initial growth and expansion.
FPO: Ideal for companies already listed on the exchange that require additional capital for specific purposes.
OFS: Useful for existing shareholders looking to offload a portion of their holdings or promoters looking for a partial exit.
Understanding the firm and the share offer is necessary for applying for IPO, FPO and OFS. Investors typically analyse essential details before making a decision. This may include the business, financial performance and the objective of the issue of the corporation.
Usually, you need a trading and demat account to engage in these services. Once the offer opens, investors can apply through a registered broker and follow the process provided for the issue.
Regardless of the method (IPO vs FPO vs OFS), you must thoroughly research the company's financials, future plans, and management.
You should carefully analyze the prospectus or offer document to understand the number of shares offered, price range, and purpose of the offering.
You should select a reputable broker who provides access to the specific IPO investment, FPO, or OFS you're interested in.
During the subscription period, you should submit your bid for the desired number of shares according to the process outlined by your broker.
Additional Read: What Are the Differences Between IPO and NFO
IPOs raise initial capital for a company's growth and expansion. FPOs raise additional capital for an already listed company. OFS allows existing shareholders to sell their existing shares.
Existing investors and the general public can participate in an FPO.
In an IPO, a company issues new shares to raise fresh capital. In an OFS, existing shareholders sell their existing shares, with no new capital raised by the company.
The impact of an OFS on share price can vary. A large OFS might lead to a temporary dip, while high demand from new investors could increase the price.
There are two types: dilutive (where new shares are added) and non-dilutive (where existing private shares are sold publicly).
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