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ASM and GSM Frameworks: Meaning, Criteria & Stages

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Investors need to understand the Graded Surveillance Measure (GSM) and Additional Surveillance Measure (ASM) systems, which are designed to maintain market integrity and protect participants. As per SEBI, these frameworks monitor stocks showing significant price fluctuations or other risk-related factors. By keeping a close watch on such stocks, GSM and ASM help prevent market manipulation and excessive volatility. 

Understanding how these surveillance measures work allows investors to assess potential risks better and make informed decisions. Being aware of these mechanisms equips investors to navigate the stock market more confidently and allocate their investments wisely.

Stages of Long-Term ASM

The Long-Term ASM list has four stages, each with higher margin requirements, to stop speculative trading.

  • Stage 1: Using ASM criteria, the stock is chosen, and a 100% margin requirement is put in place.

  • Stage 2: The price band goes down to the next lower level (for example, from 20% to 10%) because prices keep going up and down. The 100% margin doesn't change.

  • Stage 3: If the strange activity keeps happening, the price band is lowered even more, say from 10% to 5%.

  • Stage 4: The stock is moved to trade-for-trade settlement with a 5% price band and a 100% margin. This means you can't trade it during the day.

Stages of Short-Term ASM

The Short-Term ASM list has two stages with increasing margin requirements to curb speculative trading.

  • Stage 1: The applicable margin rate is set at the higher of 1.5 times the existing margin or 40%. Exchanges publish this information to alert investors and may seek clarification from the company. The maximum margin is capped at 100%.

  • Stage 2: The margin goes up even more if the stock keeps meeting the surveillance requirements. The rate goes up to either 80% or 2.5 times the current margin, whichever is higher. It can't go higher than 100%.

Criteria for Inclusion in the ASM Framework

A stock can be added to the ASM list if it meets certain criteria for price movement and client concentration. These criteria are:

  • Prices change a lot, both in the short term and the long term.

  • High concentration of trading activity among the top 25 clients.

  • A market capitalisation of over ₹500 crore.

  • A significant increase in trading volume compared to its historical average.

Stages of GSM

The Graded Surveillance Measure (GSM) framework imposes progressively stricter trading restrictions across its stages to control speculation in certain securities.

  • Stage 1: A 100% margin is required, and the price band is set at 5% or lower.

  • Stage 2: The stock goes to a trade-for-trade settlement. Buyers also have to pay an Additional Surveillance Deposit (ASD) equal to 50% of the trade value.

  • Stage 3: The ASD requirement rises to 100% of the trade's value.

  • Stage 4: The 100% ASD stays the same, and the price can't go up. This means that the price stays the same or goes down.

Criteria for Inclusion in the GSM Framework

Some important criteria are:

  • Net worth is low (less than or equal to ₹10 crore).

  • Limited market capitalisation (₹25 crore or less).

  • A high Price-to-Earnings (PE) ratio (more than double the benchmark index's PE) or a negative PE.

  • For stocks with a negative PE, a high Price-to-Book (P/B) value is also considered.

Exclusions from the ASM and GSM Lists

Certain securities are exempt from both ASM and GSM surveillance to ensure that normal market operations for stable and well-established companies are not hindered. Exclusions include:

  • Stocks with derivative products available.

  • Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs) and their subsidiaries.

  • Securities that are part of major indices like the Nifty 50 or Sensex.

  • Stocks that have been listed via an IPO within the last year.

  • Companies that have a history of paying dividends on time.

Conclusion

The ASM and GSM frameworks are important rules that protect investors' interests and keep the market stable. These steps watch stocks that trade in strange ways or have weak fundamentals to stop too much speculation. Investors can better understand the market and feel more confident about their investments if they know these frameworks.

 

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Published Date : 01 Nov 2025

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