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What is Capital Fund: Meaning, Examples & Methods

What is Capital Fund: Meaning, Examples & Methods

A Capital Fund simply refers to the financial pool that an organisation may set aside. It is done in order to support long-term investments, infrastructure, or special projects. On the one hand, there are revenue funds used for daily operations. On the other hand, capital funds are used for building or acquiring assets, such as technology, equipment, or buildings. 

Capital funds are usually raised through grants, donations, or surplus income or government allocation. For instance, a university may create a capital fund to build a new playground. In this guide, we will explore capital funds, the cost of funding, and related topics. 

Understanding the Meaning of Capital Fund

A capital fund is defined as an aggregate of financial resources assigned by a firm, business entity, establishment, or investment fund to fund long-term investments, growth projects, or development endeavours. It includes equity, debt, or hybrid fund provisions that are availed by shareholders, lenders, or other interested parties. The use of capital funds may include the development of infrastructure, the acquisition or merger with other companies, research, or meeting working capital needs.

  • Equity capital:

    Money received by offering stock to investors, or retained earnings.

  • Debt capital:

    Finances obtained as matters of money in the form of bonds, debentures, or loans, which involve a regular payment of interest.

  • Hybrid capital:

    Such as convertible bonds or preferred equity, is a hybrid capital form that bears a mixture of characteristics of long-term debt and equity.

  • Venture/PE capital funds:

    Funds (such as those of Bain Capital, or Amicus Capital) raised on a professional basis by limited partners to invest in privately or unlisted firms (e.g. Amicus closed a $146M fund).

Universal funds support growth and innovation that help organisations expand operations and improve infrastructure, paying off accrued debts or venturing into new businesses. The issuance of such funds is governed by SEBI within the framework of Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs), Private Equity (PE) funds, mutual funds, and green bonds, among others.

Source: Livemint 

Examples of Capital Funding 

Hereafter are real-life examples of capital funding across industries:

  • Private Equity/Venture Capital:

    Companies such as Bain Capital raising $4 billion for Asia-focused funds; Amicus Capital raised ₹1,215 crore (~$146 million) for a mid-market fund.

  • IPO Funding:

    SME-IPOs enable smaller businesses to raise capital through public markets.

  • Green Bonds:

    SEBI-approved bonds used for environmentally friendly projects.

  • Hybrid Instruments:

    AT1 bonds take shocks and add to bank capital levels.

  • Corporate Bonds:

    Indian large corporations are issuing bonds to finance at least 25% of new borrowing, leading to better market discipline. 

These examples demonstrate diversification of capital funding among conventional and contemporary instruments.

Source: Livemint

Stock Issuance

The issue of stocks is the procedure through which a company raises funds by issuing shares to the public or existing shareholders. It may be done in two major ways:

  1. Initial Public Offering (IPO): A company that has not been listed comes out as a public company by issuing stock for the first time to institutional and retail investors. It facilitates the conversion from private to publicly traded and attracts a substantial amount of capital for growth. 

  2. Follow-on Public Offering (FPO) or Rights Issue: Listed companies raise more funds.

  • FPO: New shares are floated to all investors to fund expansion, debt repayment, or acquisition.

  • Rights issue: Present shareholders receive rights to purchase new shares at a discount in proportion to their existing ownership, maintaining the ownership pattern, e.g., rights at ₹6/share for a 1:5 ratio (livemint.com).

Key aspects:

  • Advantages: No need to repay; strengthens the balance sheet; enhances market visibility.

  • Cons: The holding of existing shareholders gets diluted; the stock price may fall; and non-compliance with SEBI laws.

  • Use of proceeds: Funding new projects, growth, service of loans, research, and development.

  • Market implications: Rights Issues allow shareholders to participate in control; IPOs and FPOs incur underwriting fees, marketing fees, and listing fees.

A stock issue, whether an IPO, FPO, or rights issue, is still a strategic funding vehicle for companies to access equity capital.

Source: Livemint 

Debt Issuance 

Issuance of debt means borrowing proceeds by companies in the form of bonds, debentures, loans, or other debt instruments. These are securities that signify obligations to repay the principal, along with interest, over a specified period. Debt financing is used for many strategic purposes:

1. Types of debt tools:

  • Secured bonds: Backed by specific things.

  • Unsecured bonds (debentures): Backed just by the issuer’s credit.

  • Green bonds: Funds set aside for green or safe projects, checked by SEBI rules.

  • AT1 bonds: Mixed tools that can change under stress to help banks with money.

2. SEBI rules: Large companies must obtain at least 25% of new loans from public debt to clarify the market and attract more participants.

3. Advantages: Interest can reduce taxes, which lowers costs; maintains ownership; offers flexible terms (rated or not rated, can be changed).

4. Risk: Must pay back; risk of high interest rates; failure to pay back can harm credit scores.

5. Goal: To fund big costs, pay off old debt, needs for working money, or big buys.

6. Market trends: Investors check creditworthiness, yield gaps, and key factors such as interest rates and yield curve spots.

Debt offering provides a tried-and-true and tax-efficient capital-raising method, especially for companies with strong credit characteristics.

Cost of Capital Funding 

Cost of capital is the minimum rate of return required for funding from debt and equity capital providers. It determines the threshold return to justify a project's acceptance and investment viability.

  • Cost of debt: Debt interest rate, with tax deductibility adjustment (after-tax cost = rate × (1 – corporate tax)).

  • Cost of equity: Shareholders' required return; frequently approximated through CAPM or dividend growth models.

  • Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC): Averages debt and equity costs proportionally according to weights in the capital structure.

  • Function of WACC: The capital budgeting hurdle rate, acquisition choice, and valuation formulas, such as DCF.

A mix of capital that is optimal ensures the lowest cost of funding, which maximises firm value and return on investments.

Source: Investopedia

Conclusion 

Capital finance covers a wide range of capital sources (equity, debt, and hybrid securities) and each of these materials is meant to fit within a particular strategic objective. 

Through IPOs, FPOs, or rights issues of equity, innovative and growing firms can obtain non-repayable cash, whereas debt instruments can offer tax-efficient liquidity without diluting ownership. Green bonds and finance, as well as AT1 securities, are examples of hybrid instruments that are customised to the ESG objectives and capital requirements. 

The cost of capital determined through the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) is a crucial threshold in determining the capital mix and project financing.  Through conscientious selection of optimal funding paths, companies can pursue risk, cost, and growth aims concurrently, to scale sustainable and scalable operations provided by a regulated financial system.

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute investment advice. Bajaj Broking Financial Services Ltd. (BFSL) makes no recommendations to buy or sell securities

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