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Passive income has gained attention as a concept among individuals exploring ways to supplement their earnings with relatively lower day-to-day involvement. The availability of different financial instruments and income-generating arrangements has expanded the ways in which such income can be structured.
Passive income generally refers to income that does not require continuous, active involvement once an arrangement is in place, though it may still involve periodic monitoring, maintenance, or compliance.
Compared to regular income, which typically requires ongoing time and effort, passive income sources may operate with relatively lower active participation. However, passive income is not completely effort-free and may involve risks, costs, or variability.
Passive income is not a substitute for regular income for most individuals. It is commonly viewed as a supplementary source of income and may support broader financial planning over time.
There are several ways in which passive income may be generated. The examples below are presented for general informational purposes only and are not recommendations.
1. Non-Cumulative FDs: Non-cumulative Fixed Deposits are fixed deposits where interest is paid out at regular intervals, such as monthly or quarterly, based on the terms offered by the bank or financial institution.
Since the interest is paid out instead of being reinvested, non-cumulative fixed deposits generally offer a lower effective yield compared to cumulative fixed deposits. Payment frequency and conditions may vary across institutions.
Interest earned on fixed deposits is taxable as per applicable income-tax laws.
2. Giving Property on Rent: Rental income may arise when residential or commercial property is leased to tenants under an agreement.
This form of income may involve property maintenance, tenant management, compliance with local regulations, and periods of vacancy. Rental income can vary based on factors such as location, property type, and market conditions.
Rental income is not guaranteed and may fluctuate over time.
3. Dividend Paying Stocks: Some listed companies distribute a portion of their profits to shareholders in the form of dividends, subject to profitability, cash flows, and corporate approvals.
Dividend income depends on company performance and board decisions. Dividends are not assured, and companies may change the amount, frequency, or may not declare dividends in certain periods. Dividend income is taxable as per prevailing tax regulations.
4. Peer-to-Peer Lending: Peer-to-peer (P2P) lending involves lending money to borrowers through platforms registered with the Reserve Bank of India as NBFC-P2P entities.
Risk note:
P2P lending involves credit risk, default risk, and liquidity risk. Returns are not fixed or guaranteed, and capital loss is possible. Regulatory guidelines prescribe limits and disclosure requirements for such platforms.
5. Savings Account with Interest: Savings accounts may earn interest as per the terms and conditions of the bank. From a tax perspective:
Savings account interest is generally taxable under “Income from Other Sources”.
Eligible taxpayers may claim a deduction up to ₹10,000 under Section 80TTA, subject to applicable conditions.
Senior citizens may be eligible for a deduction up to ₹50,000 under Section 80TTB, as per prevailing tax rules.
Passive income is often discussed as a way to supplement earnings. However, no passive income source is entirely risk-free or maintenance-free. Income levels may vary, and outcomes depend on multiple factors, including market conditions, contractual terms, and regulatory requirements. Understanding the nature and limitations of different passive income sources is important when evaluating the concept.
Additional Read: What is a Monthly Income Plan?
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